diff --git a/registration_flow.py b/registration_flow.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18e3c07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/registration_flow.py
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""Shared registration workflow used by both GUI and CLI."""
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Type
+
+
+def _noop(*_args, **_kwargs):
+    return None
+
+
+@dataclass
+class RegistrationCallbacks:
+    log: Callable[[str], None]
+    cancelled: Callable[[], bool]
+
+
+@dataclass
+class RegistrationObserver:
+    on_stats: Callable[[int, int], None] = _noop
+    on_result: Callable[["RegistrationResult", "OutputResult"], None] = _noop
+
+
+@dataclass
+class RegistrationOperations:
+    start_browser: Callable[[Callable[[str], None]], None]
+    browser_missing: Callable[[], bool]
+    restart_browser: Callable[[Callable[[str], None]], None]
+    cleanup_runtime_memory: Callable[[Callable[[str], None], str], None]
+    sleep_with_cancel: Callable[[float, Callable[[], bool]], None]
+    open_signup_page: Callable[[Callable[[str], None], Callable[[], bool]], None]
+    fill_email_and_submit: Callable[[Callable[[str], None], Callable[[], bool]], Any]
+    save_mail_credential: Callable[[str, str], Dict[str, Any]]
+    fill_code_and_submit: Callable[[str, str, Callable[[str], None], Callable[[], bool]], str]
+    fill_profile_and_submit: Callable[[Callable[[str], None], Callable[[], bool]], Dict[str, Any]]
+    wait_for_sso_cookie: Callable[[Callable[[str], None], Callable[[], bool]], str]
+    enable_nsfw_for_token: Callable[[str, Callable[[str], None]], Any]
+    save_account_result: Callable[["RegistrationResult", str], Dict[str, Any]]
+    add_token_pools: Callable[["RegistrationResult", Callable[[str], None]], Dict[str, Any]]
+    export_cpa: Callable[["RegistrationResult", Callable[[str], None], Callable[[], bool]], Dict[str, Any]]
+    cancelled_error: Type[BaseException]
+    retry_error: Type[BaseException]
+
+
+@dataclass
+class RegistrationResult:
+    ok: bool
+    email: str = ""
+    password: str = ""
+    sso: str = ""
+    profile: Dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    error: str = ""
+    retryable: bool = False
+
+
+@dataclass
+class OutputContext:
+    accounts_output_file: str
+    save_attempts: int = 3
+
+
+@dataclass
+class OutputResult:
+    registered: bool
+    saved: bool
+    save_attempts: int = 0
+    save_error: str = ""
+    token_pools: Dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    cpa: Dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)
+
+
+@dataclass
+class BatchResult:
+    requested: int
+    success_count: int = 0
+    fail_count: int = 0
+    cancelled: bool = False
+    results: List[RegistrationResult] = field(default_factory=list)
+    outputs: List[OutputResult] = field(default_factory=list)
+    pending_outputs: List[RegistrationResult] = field(default_factory=list)
+
+
+def register_one_account(
+    callbacks: RegistrationCallbacks,
+    operations: RegistrationOperations,
+    enable_nsfw: bool = True,
+    max_mail_retry: int = 3,
+) -> RegistrationResult:
+    email = ""
+    dev_token = ""
+    code = ""
+    for mail_try in range(1, max_mail_retry + 1):
+        callbacks.log(f"[*] 1. 打开注册页 (尝试 {mail_try}/{max_mail_retry})")
+        operations.open_signup_page(callbacks.log, callbacks.cancelled)
+        callbacks.log("[*] 2. 创建邮箱并提交")
+        email, dev_token = operations.fill_email_and_submit(
+            callbacks.log, callbacks.cancelled
+        )
+        callbacks.log(f"[*] 邮箱: {email}")
+        callbacks.log(f"[Debug] 邮箱credential(jwt): {dev_token}")
+        credential_status = operations.save_mail_credential(email, dev_token)
+        if not credential_status.get("ok"):
+            callbacks.log(
+                "[!] 邮箱凭据保存失败，注册流程继续但已记录警告: "
+                + str(credential_status.get("error") or "unknown error")
+            )
+        callbacks.log("[*] 3. 拉取验证码")
+        try:
+            code = operations.fill_code_and_submit(
+                email, dev_token, callbacks.log, callbacks.cancelled
+            )
+            break
+        except operations.cancelled_error:
+            raise
+        except Exception as exc:
+            message = str(exc)
+            if (
+                ("未收到验证码" in message or "验证码" in message)
+                and mail_try < max_mail_retry
+            ):
+                callbacks.log(
+                    f"[!] 本邮箱未取到验证码，自动更换新邮箱重试: {message}"
+                )
+                operations.restart_browser(callbacks.log)
+                operations.sleep_with_cancel(1, callbacks.cancelled)
+                continue
+            raise
+    else:
+        raise RuntimeError("验证码阶段失败，已达到最大重试次数")
+
+    callbacks.log(f"[*] 验证码: {code}")
+    callbacks.log("[*] 4. 填写资料")
+    profile = operations.fill_profile_and_submit(
+        callbacks.log, callbacks.cancelled
+    )
+    callbacks.log(
+        f"[*] 资料已填: {profile.get('given_name', '')} "
+        f"{profile.get('family_name', '')}"
+    )
+    callbacks.log("[*] 5. 等待 sso cookie")
+    sso = operations.wait_for_sso_cookie(callbacks.log, callbacks.cancelled)
+    if enable_nsfw:
+        callbacks.log("[*] 6. 开启 NSFW")
+        nsfw_ok, nsfw_message = operations.enable_nsfw_for_token(
+            sso, callbacks.log
+        )
+        if nsfw_ok:
+            callbacks.log(f"[+] NSFW 开启成功: {nsfw_message}")
+        else:
+            callbacks.log(f"[!] NSFW 未开启，继续保存账号: {nsfw_message}")
+    return RegistrationResult(
+        ok=True,
+        email=email,
+        password=str(profile.get("password") or ""),
+        sso=sso,
+        profile=profile,
+    )
+
+
+def persist_account_result(
+    result: RegistrationResult,
+    context: OutputContext,
+    callbacks: RegistrationCallbacks,
+    operations: RegistrationOperations,
+) -> OutputResult:
+    attempts = max(int(context.save_attempts), 1)
+    save_error = ""
+    saved = False
+    used_attempts = 0
+    for attempt in range(1, attempts + 1):
+        used_attempts = attempt
+        status = operations.save_account_result(
+            result, context.accounts_output_file
+        )
+        if status.get("ok"):
+            saved = True
+            break
+        save_error = str(status.get("error") or "unknown error")
+        callbacks.log(
+            f"[!] 保存账号结果失败 ({attempt}/{attempts}): {save_error}"
+        )
+        if attempt < attempts:
+            operations.sleep_with_cancel(
+                min(0.5 * attempt, 1.5), callbacks.cancelled
+            )
+
+    if not saved:
+        return OutputResult(
+            registered=True,
+            saved=False,
+            save_attempts=used_attempts,
+            save_error=save_error,
+        )
+
+    token_pools = operations.add_token_pools(result, callbacks.log)
+    for target in ("local", "remote"):
+        target_result = token_pools.get(target) or {}
+        if target_result.get("enabled") and not target_result.get("ok"):
+            callbacks.log(
+                f"[!] grok2api {target} 入池失败，账号已安全保存: "
+                f"{target_result.get('error') or 'unknown error'}"
+            )
+
+    cpa = operations.export_cpa(
+        result, callbacks.log, callbacks.cancelled
+    )
+    return OutputResult(
+        registered=True,
+        saved=True,
+        save_attempts=used_attempts,
+        token_pools=token_pools,
+        cpa=cpa,
+    )
+
+
+def run_batch(
+    count: int,
+    callbacks: RegistrationCallbacks,
+    observer: RegistrationObserver,
+    operations: RegistrationOperations,
+    output_context: OutputContext,
+    enable_nsfw: bool = True,
+    cleanup_interval: int = 5,
+    max_slot_retry: int = 3,
+) -> BatchResult:
+    batch = BatchResult(requested=count)
+    retry_count_for_slot = 0
+    index = 0
+    operations.start_browser(callbacks.log)
+    callbacks.log("[*] 浏览器已启动")
+    try:
+        while index < count:
+            if callbacks.cancelled():
+                batch.cancelled = True
+                break
+            callbacks.log(f"--- 开始第 {index + 1}/{count} 个账号 ---")
+            try:
+                registration = register_one_account(
+                    callbacks,
+                    operations,
+                    enable_nsfw=enable_nsfw,
+                )
+                output = persist_account_result(
+                    registration,
+                    output_context,
+                    callbacks,
+                    operations,
+                )
+                batch.results.append(registration)
+                batch.outputs.append(output)
+                observer.on_result(registration, output)
+                retry_count_for_slot = 0
+                index += 1
+                if output.saved:
+                    batch.success_count += 1
+                    callbacks.log(
+                        f"[+] 注册并保存成功: {registration.email}"
+                    )
+                    if (
+                        cleanup_interval > 0
+                        and batch.success_count % cleanup_interval == 0
+                        and index < count
+                    ):
+                        operations.cleanup_runtime_memory(
+                            callbacks.log,
+                            f"已成功 {batch.success_count} 个账号，执行定期清理",
+                        )
+                else:
+                    batch.fail_count += 1
+                    batch.pending_outputs.append(registration)
+                    callbacks.log(
+                        "[-] 账号已注册但结果未能持久化，未计入成功并加入"
+                        f"待重试队列: {registration.email}: "
+                        f"{output.save_error}"
+                    )
+            except operations.cancelled_error:
+                batch.cancelled = True
+                callbacks.log("[!] 注册被停止")
+                break
+            except operations.retry_error as exc:
+                retry_count_for_slot += 1
+                if retry_count_for_slot <= max_slot_retry:
+                    callbacks.log(
+                        "[!] 当前账号流程卡住，重试第 "
+                        f"{retry_count_for_slot}/{max_slot_retry} 次: {exc}"
+                    )
+                else:
+                    batch.fail_count += 1
+                    retry_count_for_slot = 0
+                    index += 1
+                    callbacks.log(
+                        f"[-] 当前账号已达到最大重试次数，跳过: {exc}"
+                    )
+            except Exception as exc:
+                batch.fail_count += 1
+                retry_count_for_slot = 0
+                index += 1
+                callbacks.log(f"[-] 注册失败: {exc}")
+            finally:
+                observer.on_stats(
+                    batch.success_count, batch.fail_count
+                )
+                if callbacks.cancelled():
+                    batch.cancelled = True
+                    break
+                if operations.browser_missing():
+                    operations.start_browser(callbacks.log)
+                else:
+                    operations.restart_browser(callbacks.log)
+                operations.sleep_with_cancel(1, callbacks.cancelled)
+    finally:
+        operations.cleanup_runtime_memory(callbacks.log, "任务结束")
+    return batch